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<title>Machine tool</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Machine tool</span></span>

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<p>A <b>machine tool</b> is a <a href="Machine" title="Machine">machine</a> for handling or <a href="Machining" title="Machining">machining</a> metal or other rigid materials, usually by cutting, <a href="Boring_(manufacturing)" title="Boring (manufacturing)">boring</a>, <a href="Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)" title="Grinding (abrasive cutting)">grinding</a>, shearing, or other forms of deformations. Machine tools employ some sort of tool that does the cutting or shaping. All machine tools have some means of constraining the <a href="Workpiece" title="Workpiece">workpiece</a> and provide a guided movement of the parts of the machine. Thus, the relative movement between the workpiece and the <a href="Cutting_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutting tool">cutting tool</a> (which is called the <b>toolpath</b>) is controlled or constrained by the machine to at least some extent, rather than being entirely "offhand" or "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/freehand#Adjective" class="extiw external" title="wikt:freehand">freehand</a>". It is a power-driven metal cutting machine which assists in managing the needed relative motion between cutting tool and the job that changes the size and shape of the job material.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The precise definition of the term <i>machine tool</i> varies among users. While all machine tools are "machines that help people to make things", not all factory machines are machine tools.

</p><p>Today machine tools are typically powered other than by the human muscle (e.g., electrically, hydraulically, or via <a href="Line_shaft" title="Line shaft">line shaft</a>), used to make manufactured parts (components) in various ways that include cutting or certain other kinds of deformation.

</p><p>With their inherent precision, machine tools enabled the economical production of <a href="Interchangeable_parts" title="Interchangeable parts">interchangeable parts</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature_and_key_concepts,_interrelated">Nomenclature and key concepts, interrelated</h2></div>

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<p>Many <a href="History_of_technology" title="History of technology">historians of technology</a> consider that true machine tools were born when the toolpath first became guided by the machine itself in some way, at least to some extent, so that direct, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/freehand#Adjective" class="extiw external" title="wikt:freehand">freehand</a> human guidance of the toolpath (with hands, feet, or mouth) was no longer the only guidance used in the cutting or forming process. In this view of the definition, the term, arising at a time when all tools up till then had been <a href="Hand_tool" title="Hand tool">hand tools</a>, simply provided a label for "tools that were machines instead of hand tools". Early <a href="Lathe" title="Lathe">lathes</a>, those prior to the late <a href="Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> period, and modern woodworking lathes and <a href="Potter's_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">potter's wheels</a> may or may not fall under this definition, depending on how one views the headstock <a href="Spindle_(tool)" title="Spindle (tool)">spindle</a> itself; but the earliest historical records of a lathe with direct mechanical control <i>of the cutting tool's path</i> are of a screw-cutting lathe dating to about 1483.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore1970p137_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore1970p137-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lathe "produced screw threads out of wood and employed a true compound slide rest".<sup id="cite_ref-Moore1970p137_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore1970p137-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the 1930s, the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) referenced the definition of a machine tool as "any machine operating by other than hand power which employs a tool to work on metal".<sup id="cite_ref-Jerome1934_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jerome1934-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The narrowest <a href="Colloquial" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquial">colloquial</a> sense of the term reserves it only for machines that perform metal cutting—in other words, the many kinds of conventional <a href="Machining" title="Machining">machining</a> and <a href="Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)" title="Grinding (abrasive cutting)">grinding</a>. These processes are a type of deformation that produces <a href="Swarf" title="Swarf">swarf</a>. However, <a href="Economist" title="Economist">economists</a> use a slightly broader sense that also includes metal deformation of other types that squeeze the metal into shape without cutting off swarf, such as rolling, stamping with <a href="Die_(manufacturing)" title="Die (manufacturing)">dies</a>, shearing, <a href="Swaging" title="Swaging">swaging</a>, <a href="Rivet" title="Rivet">riveting</a>, and others. Thus <a href="Machine_press" title="Machine press">presses</a> are usually included in the economic definition of machine tools. For example, this is the breadth of definition used by <a href="Max_Holland" title="Max Holland">Max Holland</a> in his history of Burgmaster and <a href="Houdaille_Industries" title="Houdaille Industries">Houdaille</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Holland1989_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland1989-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is also a history of the machine tool industry in general from the 1940s through the 1980s; he was reflecting the sense of the term used by Houdaille itself and other firms in the industry. Many reports on machine tool <a href="Export" title="Export">export</a> and <a href="Import" title="Import">import</a> and similar economic topics use this broader definition.

</p><p>The colloquial sense implying conventional metal cutting is also growing obsolete because of changing technology over the decades. The many more recently developed processes labeled "machining", such as <a href="Electrical_discharge_machining" title="Electrical discharge machining">electrical discharge machining</a>, <a href="Electrochemical_machining" title="Electrochemical machining">electrochemical machining</a>, <a href="Electron_beam_machining" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron beam machining">electron beam machining</a>, <a href="Photochemical_machining" title="Photochemical machining">photochemical machining</a>, and <a href="Ultrasonic_machining" title="Ultrasonic machining">ultrasonic machining</a>, or even <a href="Plasma_cutting" title="Plasma cutting">plasma cutting</a> and <a href="Water_jet_cutter" title="Water jet cutter">water jet cutting</a>, are often performed by machines that could most logically be called machine tools. In addition, some of the newly developed <a href="Additive_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Additive manufacturing">additive manufacturing</a> processes, which are not about cutting away material but rather about adding it, are done by machines that are likely to end up labeled, in some cases, as machine tools. In fact, <a href="Machine_tool_builder" title="Machine tool builder">machine tool builders</a> are already developing machines that include both <a href="Subtractive_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtractive manufacturing">subtractive</a> and <a href="Additive_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Additive manufacturing">additive manufacturing</a> in one work envelope,<sup id="cite_ref-Zelinski_2013-11-08_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zelinski_2013-11-08-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and retrofits of existing machines are underway.<sup id="cite_ref-Zelinski_2014-02-21_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zelinski_2014-02-21-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Forerunners of machine tools included <a href="Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">bow drills</a> and <a href="Potter's_wheels" class="mw-redirect" title="Potter's wheels">potter's wheels</a>, which had existed in <a href="Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> prior to 2500 BC, and <a href="Lathe" title="Lathe">lathes</a>, known to have existed in multiple regions of Europe since at least 1000 to 500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodbury_1972_1961_pp18-35_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodbury_1972_1961_pp18-35-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But it was not until the later <a href="Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> that the modern concept of a machine tool—a class of machines used as tools in the making of metal parts, and incorporating machine-guided toolpath—began to evolve. <a href="Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmakers</a> of the Middle Ages and <a href="Polymath" title="Polymath">renaissance men</a> such as <a href="Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> helped expand humans' technological milieu toward the preconditions for industrial machine tools. During the 18th and 19th centuries, and even in many cases in the 20th, the builders of machine tools tended to be the same people who would then use them to produce the end products (manufactured goods). However, from these roots also evolved an industry of machine tool builders as we define them today, meaning people who specialize in building machine tools for sale to others.

</p><p>Historians of machine tools often focus on a handful of major industries that most spurred machine tool development. In order of historical emergence, they have been <a href="Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a> (small arms and <a href="Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>); <a href="Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">clocks</a>; textile machinery; steam engines (<a href="Stationary_steam_engine" title="Stationary steam engine">stationary</a>, <a href="Marine_steam_engine" title="Marine steam engine">marine</a>, <a href="Locomotive" title="Locomotive">rail</a>, and <a href="History_of_steam_road_vehicles" title="History of steam road vehicles">otherwise</a>) (the story of how <a href="James_Watt" title="James Watt">Watt</a>'s need for an accurate cylinder spurred Boulton's boring machine is discussed by <a href="Joseph_Wickham_Roe" title="Joseph Wickham Roe">Roe</a><sup id="cite_ref-Roe1916_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roe1916-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); <a href="Sewing_machine" title="Sewing machine">sewing machines</a>; <a href="Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycles</a>; <a href="Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a>; and <a href="Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>. Others could be included in this list as well, but they tend to be connected with the root causes already listed. For example, <a href="Rolling-element_bearing" title="Rolling-element bearing">rolling-element bearings</a> are an industry of themselves, but this industry's main drivers of development were the vehicles already listed—trains, bicycles, automobiles, and aircraft; and other industries, such as tractors, farm implements, and tanks, borrowed heavily from those same parent industries.

</p><p>Machine tools filled a need created by textile machinery during the <a href="Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in England in the middle to late 1700s.<sup id="cite_ref-Roe1916_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roe1916-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until that time, machinery was made mostly from wood, often including gearing and shafts. The increase in <a href="Mechanization" title="Mechanization">mechanization</a> required more metal parts, which were usually made of <a href="Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> or <a href="Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a>. Cast iron could be cast in molds for larger parts, such as engine cylinders and gears, but was difficult to work with a file and could not be hammered. Red hot wrought iron could be hammered into shapes. Room temperature wrought iron was worked with a file and chisel and could be made into gears and other complex parts; however, hand working lacked precision and was a slow and expensive process.

</p><p><a href="James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> was unable to have an accurately bored cylinder for his first steam engine, trying for several years until <a href="John_Wilkinson_(industrialist)" title="John Wilkinson (industrialist)">John Wilkinson</a> invented a suitable boring machine in 1774, boring Boulton & Watt's first commercial engine in 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-Roe1916_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roe1916-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The advance in the accuracy of machine tools can be traced to <a href="Henry_Maudslay" title="Henry Maudslay">Henry Maudslay</a> and refined by <a href="Joseph_Whitworth" title="Joseph Whitworth">Joseph Whitworth</a>. That Maudslay had established the manufacture and use of master plane gages in his shop (Maudslay & Field) located on Westminster Road south of the Thames River in London about 1809, was attested to by James Nasmyth<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was employed by Maudslay in 1829 and Nasmyth documented their use in his autobiography.

</p><p>The process by which the master plane gages were produced dates back to antiquity but was refined to an unprecedented degree in the Maudslay shop. The process begins with three square plates each given an identification (ex., 1,2 and 3). The first step is to rub plates 1 and 2 together with a marking medium (called bluing today) revealing the high spots which would be removed by hand scraping with a steel scraper, until no irregularities were visible. This would not produce true plane surfaces but a "ball and socket" concave-concave and convex-convex fit, as this mechanical fit, like two perfect planes, can slide over each other and reveal no high spots. The rubbing and marking are repeated after rotating 2 relative to 1 by 90 degrees to eliminate concave-convex "potato-chip" curvature. Next, plate number 3 is compared and scraped to conform to plate number 1 in the same two trials. In this manner plates number 2 and 3 would be identical. Next plates number 2 and 3 would be checked against each other to determine what condition existed, either both plates were "balls" or "sockets" or "chips" or a combination. These would then be scraped until no high spots existed and then compared to plate number 1. Repeating this process of comparing and scraping the three plates could produce plane surfaces accurate to within millionths of an inch (the thickness of the marking medium).

</p><p>The traditional method of producing the surface gages used an abrasive powder rubbed between the plates to remove the high spots, but it was Whitworth who contributed the refinement of replacing the grinding with hand scraping. Sometime after 1825, Whitworth went to work for Maudslay and it was there that Whitworth perfected the hand scraping of master surface plane gages. In his paper presented to the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Glasgow in 1840, Whitworth pointed out the inherent inaccuracy of grinding due to no control and thus unequal distribution of the abrasive material between the plates which would produce uneven removal of material from the plates.

</p><p>With the creation of master plane gages of such high accuracy, all critical components of machine tools (i.e., guiding surfaces such as machine ways) could then be compared against them and scraped to the desired accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Roe1916_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roe1916-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

The first machine tools offered for sale (i.e., commercially available) were constructed by <a href="Matthew_Murray" title="Matthew Murray">Matthew Murray</a> in England around 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore1970_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore1970-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, such as <a href="Henry_Maudslay" title="Henry Maudslay">Henry Maudslay</a>, <a href="James_Nasmyth" title="James Nasmyth">James Nasmyth</a>, and <a href="Joseph_Whitworth" title="Joseph Whitworth">Joseph Whitworth</a>, soon followed the path of expanding their entrepreneurship from manufactured end products and <a href="Millwright" title="Millwright">millwright</a> work into the realm of building machine tools for sale.

</p><p>Important early machine tools included the slide rest lathe, <a href="Screw-cutting_lathe" title="Screw-cutting lathe">screw-cutting lathe</a>, <a href="Turret_lathe" title="Turret lathe">turret lathe</a>, <a href="Milling_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Milling machine">milling machine</a>, pattern tracing lathe, <a href="Shaper" title="Shaper">shaper</a>, and <a href="Planer_(metalworking)" title="Planer (metalworking)">metal planer</a>, which were all in use before 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With these machine tools the decades-old objective of producing <a href="Interchangeable_parts" title="Interchangeable parts">interchangeable parts</a> was finally realized. An important early example of something now taken for granted was the standardization of screw fasteners such as nuts and bolts. Before about the beginning of the 19th century, these were used in pairs, and even screws of the same machine were generally not interchangeable.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methods were developed to cut screw thread to a greater precision than that of the feed screw in the lathe being used. This led to the bar <a href="Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter">length standards</a> of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

</p><p>American production of machine tools was a critical factor in the Allies' victory in World War II. Production of machine tools tripled in the United States in the war. No war was more industrialized than World War II, and it has been written that the war was won as much by <a href="Machine_shop" title="Machine shop">machine shops</a> as by machine guns.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The production of machine tools is concentrated in about 10 countries worldwide: China, Japan, Germany, Italy, South Korea, Taiwan, Switzerland, US, Austria, Spain and a few others. Not only does innovation continue in machine tools at multiple public and private research centers around the world, but their precision also continues to improve.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drive_power_sources">Drive power sources</h2></div>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[A]ll the turning of the iron for the cotton machinery built by <a href="Samuel_Slater" title="Samuel Slater">Mr. Slater</a> was done with hand chisels or tools in lathes turned by cranks with hand power.</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— <a href="David_Wilkinson_(machinist)" title="David Wilkinson (machinist)">David Wilkinson</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson200924_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson200924-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></div>

<p>Machine tools can be powered from a variety of sources. Human and animal power (via <a href="Crank_(mechanism)" title="Crank (mechanism)">cranks</a>, <a href="Treadle" title="Treadle">treadles</a>, <a href="Treadmill" title="Treadmill">treadmills</a>, or <a href="Treadwheel" title="Treadwheel">treadwheels</a>) were used in the past, as was water power (via <a href="Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">water wheel</a>); however, following the development of high-pressure steam engines in the mid 19th century, factories increasingly used steam power. Factories also used hydraulic and pneumatic power. Many small workshops continued to use water, human and animal power until <a href="Electrification" title="Electrification">electrification</a> after 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter&Bryant_1991_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter&Bryant_1991-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Today most machine tools are powered by electricity; hydraulic and pneumatic power are sometimes used, but this is uncommon.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Automatic_control">Automatic control</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="History_of_numerical_control" title="History of numerical control">History of numerical control</a></div>

<p>Machine tools can be operated manually, or under automatic control.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early machines used <a href="Flywheel" title="Flywheel">flywheels</a> to stabilize their motion and had complex systems of gears and levers to control the machine and the piece being worked on. Soon after World War II, the <a href="Numerical_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical control">numerical control</a> (NC) machine was developed. NC machines used a series of numbers punched on <a href="Paper_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper tape">paper tape</a> or <a href="Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched cards</a> to control their motion. In the 1960s, <a href="Computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Computers">computers</a> were added to give even more flexibility to the process. Such machines became known as <a href="Computerized_numerical_control_(CNC)_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Computerized numerical control (CNC) machines">computerized numerical control (CNC) machines</a>. NC and CNC machines could precisely repeat sequences over and over, and could produce much more complex pieces than even the most skilled tool operators.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Before long, the machines could automatically change the specific cutting and shaping tools that were being used. For example, a <a href="Drill" title="Drill">drill</a> machine might contain a magazine with a variety of <a href="Drill_bit" title="Drill bit">drill bits</a> for producing holes of various sizes. Previously, either machine operators would usually have to manually change the bit or move the work piece to another station to perform these different operations. The next logical step was to combine several different machine tools together, all under computer control. These are known as <a href="Machining_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Machining center">machining centers</a>, and have dramatically changed the way parts are made.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

<p>Examples of machine tools are:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Broach_(metalwork)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broach (metalwork)">Broaching machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Drill#Drill_press" title="Drill">Drill press</a></li>

<li><a href="Gear_shaper" title="Gear shaper">Gear shaper</a></li>

<li><a href="Hobbing_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobbing machine">Hobbing machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Lathe_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lathe (tool)">Lathe</a></li>

<li>Honing Machine</li>

<li><a href="Screw_machine_(automatic_lathe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw machine (automatic lathe)">Screw machines</a></li>

<li><a href="Milling_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Milling machine">Milling machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Shear_(sheet_metal)" title="Shear (sheet metal)">Shear (sheet metal)</a></li>

<li><a href="Shaper" title="Shaper">Shaper</a></li>

<li><a href="Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a> <a href="Saws" class="mw-redirect" title="Saws">Saws</a></li>

<li><a href="Planer_(metalworking)" title="Planer (metalworking)">Planer</a></li>

<li><a href="Stewart_platform" title="Stewart platform">Stewart platform</a> mills</li>

<li><a href="Grinding_machine" title="Grinding machine">Grinding machines</a></li>

<li>Multitasking machines (MTMs)—CNC machine tools with many axes that combine turning, milling, grinding, and material handling into one highly automated machine tool</li></ul>

<p>When fabricating or shaping parts, several techniques are used to remove unwanted metal. Among these are:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Electrical_discharge_machining" title="Electrical discharge machining">Electrical discharge machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)" title="Grinding (abrasive cutting)">Grinding (abrasive cutting)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cutting_tool_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutting tool (metalworking)">Multiple edge cutting tools</a></li>

<li>Single edge cutting tools</li></ul>

<p>Other techniques are used to <i>add</i> desired material. Devices that fabricate components by selective <i>addition</i> of material are called <a href="Rapid_prototyping" title="Rapid prototyping">rapid prototyping</a> machines.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Machine_tool_manufacturing_industry">Machine tool manufacturing industry</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Machine_tool_builder" title="Machine tool builder">Machine tool builder</a></div>

<p>The worldwide market for machine tools was approximately $81 billion in production in 2014 according to a survey by market research firm Gardner Research.<sup id="cite_ref-gardner_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gardner-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest producer of machine tools was China with $23.8 billion of production followed by Germany and Japan at neck and neck with $12.9 billion and $12.88 billion respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-gardner_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gardner-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Korea and Italy rounded out the top 5 producers with revenue of $5.6 billion and $5 billion respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-gardner_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gardner-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<ul><li>Category:Machine tool builders</li>

<li><a href="Damped_machining_tools" title="Damped machining tools">Damped machining tools</a></li>

<li><a href="Epoxy_granite" title="Epoxy granite">Epoxy granite</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_slide_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Four slide machine">Four slide machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_tool_dynamometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine tool dynamometer">Machine tool dynamometer</a></li>

<li><a href="ASME_B5" title="ASME B5">Machine Tool Standards (ASME)</a></li>

<li><a href="Machining_vibrations" title="Machining vibrations">Machining vibrations</a></li>

<li><a href="Machinist_calculator" title="Machinist calculator">Machinist calculator</a></li>

<li><a href="Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></li>

<li><a href="Multimachine" title="Multimachine">Multimachine</a></li>

<li><a href="Numerical_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical control">Numerical control</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-replicating_machine" title="Self-replicating machine">Self-replicating machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Swarf" title="Swarf">Swarf</a></li>

<li><a href="Types_of_press_tools" title="Types of press tools">Types of press tools</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190504041958/https://mechanicalsite.com/metal-cutting">Define Metal Cutting</a>, mechanicalsite.com, retrieved 2019-05-04.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Moore1970p137-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore1970p137_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore1970p137_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore1970">Moore 1970</a>, p. 137, figure 213.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Jerome1934-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jerome1934_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJerome1934">Jerome 1934</a>, p. 178, Ch. 4, Note 75.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Holland1989-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holland1989_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolland1989">Holland 1989</a>.</span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFZelinski2013" class="citation cs2">Zelinski, Peter (2013-11-08), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140523063329/http://www.mmsonline.com/blog/post/hybrid-machine-combines-milling-and-additive-manufacturing">"Hybrid machine combines milling and additive manufacturing"</a>, <i><a href="Modern_Machine_Shop" title="Modern Machine Shop">Modern Machine Shop</a></i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmsonline.com/blog/post/hybrid-machine-combines-milling-and-additive-manufacturing">the original</a> on 2014-05-23<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-13</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Zelinski_2014-02-21-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zelinski_2014-02-21_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZelinski2014" class="citation cs2">Zelinski, Peter (2014-02-21), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140322075028/http://www.additivemanufacturinginsight.com/articles/add-on-additive-manufacturing">"The capacity to build 3D metal forms is a retrofittable option for subtractive CNC machine tools"</a>, <i>Modern Machine Shop Additive Manufacturing Supplement</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.additivemanufacturinginsight.com/articles/add-on-additive-manufacturing">the original</a> on 2014-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-13</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Woodbury_1972_1961_pp18-35-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woodbury_1972_1961_pp18-35_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodbury1972a">Woodbury 1972a</a>, pp. 18–35.</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHarford2019" class="citation news cs1">Harford, Tim (2019-10-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49499444">"The spectacular power of interchangeable parts"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-09</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/artists/james-nasmyth">"James Nasmyth"</a>. <i>www.nationalgalleries.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-01</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Moore1970-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moore1970_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore1970">Moore 1970</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson2009">Thomson 2009</a>, p. .</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rybczynsky, <i>One Good Turn</i>, 2000, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-684-86729-X</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herman, Arthur. <i>Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,</i> pp. 87, 112, 121, 146–50, 161, Random House, New York, NY. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4000-6964-4</bdi>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, Dana T. <i>Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II,</i> pp. 5, 7–8, Cypress, CA, 2013. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-9897906-0-4</bdi>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChen_Qidi，Hu_Xiaolong，Lin_Min，Zhang_Tao，Zhou_Zhixiong" class="citation web cs1">Chen Qidi，Hu Xiaolong，Lin Min，Zhang Tao，Zhou Zhixiong. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-ycnc.com/blog/ultra-precision-processing-machine-tools/">"Development Status and Trends of Ultra-precision Machining Machine Tools"</a>. <i>C-YCNC</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson200924-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson200924_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson2009">Thomson 2009</a>, p. 24.</span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFHunterBryant1991" class="citation cs2">Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofindustr00hunt"><i>A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730-1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power</i></a></span>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London: MIT Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-262-08198-9</bdi></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thibaut.fr/en/what-is-a-cnc-machine-for-natural-stone/">"What is a CNC machine for natural stone?"</a>. <i>Thibaut</i>. 23 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-29</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSonic_Young2023" class="citation web cs1">Sonic Young (2023-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://capablemaching.com/blog/the-history-of-cnc-machines/">"The History of CNC Machines"</a>. <i>Capablemaching</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-gardner-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gardner_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gardner_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gardner_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150921224058/https://www.gardnerweb.com/cdn/cms/GR-2015-WMTS.pdf">"2015 World Machine-Tool Output and Consumption Survey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Gardner Business Media, Inc</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gardnerweb.com/cdn/cms/GR-2015-WMTS.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-09-21.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHolland1989" class="citation cs2"><a href="Max_Holland" title="Max Holland">Holland, Max</a> (1989), <i>When the Machine Stopped: A Cautionary Tale from Industrial America</i>, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-87584-208-0</bdi>, <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246343673">246343673</a>.</cite> <i>A history most specifically of Burgmaster, which specialized in turret drills; but in telling Burgmaster's story, and that of its acquirer Houdaille, Holland provides a history of the machine tool industry in general between World War II and the 1980s that ranks with Noble's coverage of the same era (Noble 1984) as a seminal history. Later republished under the title </i>From Industry to Alchemy: Burgmaster, a Machine Tool Company<i>. </i></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJerome1934" class="citation cs2">Jerome, Harry (1934), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/books/jero34-1">"Mechanization in Industry"</a>, <i>NBER</i>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US: US National Bureau of Economic Research.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMoore1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="Wayne_Moore_(swimmer)" title="Wayne Moore (swimmer)">Moore, Wayne R.</a> (1970), <i>Foundations of Mechanical Accuracy</i> (1st ed.), Bridgeport, Connecticut, US: Moore Special Tool Co., <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/73127307">73127307</a></cite>. <i>The Moore family firm, the Moore Special Tool Company, independently invented the <a href="Jig_borer" title="Jig borer">jig borer</a> (contemporaneously with its Swiss invention), and Moore's monograph is a seminal classic of the principles of machine tool design and construction that yield the highest possible <a href="Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">accuracy and precision</a> in machine tools (second only to that of <a href="Metrology" title="Metrology">metrological</a> machines). The Moore firm epitomized the art and science of the <a href="Tool_and_die_maker" title="Tool and die maker">tool and die maker</a>.</i></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRoe1916" class="citation cs2"><a href="Joseph_Wickham_Roe" title="Joseph Wickham Roe">Roe, Joseph Wickham</a> (1916), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X-EJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage"><i>English and American Tool Builders</i></a>, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/16011753">16011753</a></cite>. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (<a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/27024075">27-24075</a>); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois (<a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-917914-73-7</bdi>).. <i>A seminal classic of machine tool history. Extensively cited by later works.</i></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFThomson2009" class="citation cs2">Thomson, Ross (2009), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structuresofchan0000thom"><i>Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Invention in the United States 1790-1865</i></a></span>, Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8018-9141-0</bdi></cite></li>

<li><span id="CITEREFWoodbury1972a" class="citation">Woodbury, Robert S. (1972a). "History of the Lathe to 1850: A Study in the Growth of a Technical Element of an Industrial Economy". In <a href="#CITEREFWoodbury1972">Woodbury (1972)</a>.</span></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWoodbury1972" class="citation cs2">Woodbury, Robert S. (1972) [1961], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studiesinhistory00robe"><i>Studies in the History of Machine Tools</i></a>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US, and London, England: MIT Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-262-73033-4</bdi>, <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/72006354">72006354</a></cite>. Collection of previously published monographs bound as one volume. A collection of seminal classics of machine tool history.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFColvin1947" class="citation cs2"><a href="Fred_H._Colvin" title="Fred H. Colvin">Colvin, Fred H.</a> (1947), <i>Sixty Years with Men and Machines</i>, New York and London: McGraw-Hill, <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/47003762">47003762</a></cite>. Available as a reprint from Lindsay Publications (<a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-917914-86-7</bdi>). Foreword by <a href="Ralph_Flanders" title="Ralph Flanders">Ralph Flanders</a>. <i>A memoir that contains quite a bit of general history of the industry.</i></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFloud2006" class="citation cs2">Floud, Roderick C. (2006) [1976], <i>The British Machine Tool Industry, 1850–1914</i>, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-02555-3</bdi>, <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006275684">2006275684</a>, <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70251252">70251252</a></cite>. <i>A monograph with a focus on history, economics, and import and export policy. Original 1976 publication: LCCN 75-046133, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-521-21203-0</bdi>.</i></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHounshell1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="David_A._Hounshell" title="David A. Hounshell">Hounshell, David A.</a> (1984), <i>From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States</i>, Baltimore, Maryland: <a href="Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8018-2975-8</bdi>, <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/83016269">83016269</a>, <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1104810110">1104810110</a></cite> <i>One of the most detailed histories of the machine tool industry from the late 18th century through 1932. Not comprehensive in terms of firm names and sales statistics (like Floud focuses on), but extremely detailed in exploring the development and spread of practicable interchangeability, and the thinking behind the intermediate steps. Extensively cited by later works.</i></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNoble1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="David_F._Noble" title="David F. Noble">Noble, David F.</a> (1984), <i>Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation</i>, New York, New York, US: Knopf, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-394-51262-4</bdi>, <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/83048867">83048867</a>.</cite> <i>One of the most detailed histories of the machine tool industry from World War II through the early 1980s, relayed in the context of the social impact of evolving automation via NC and CNC.</i></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRoe1937" class="citation cs2">Roe, Joseph Wickham (1937), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015064575577;view=1up;seq=9"><i>James Hartness: A Representative of the Machine Age at Its Best</i></a>, New York: <a href="American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="American Society of Mechanical Engineers">American Society of Mechanical Engineers</a>, <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/37016470">37016470</a>, <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3456642">3456642</a>.</cite> link from <a href="HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a>.</li></ul>

<p>. <i>A biography of a machine tool builder that also contains some general history of the industry.</i>

</p>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFRolt1965" class="citation cs2"><a href="L._T._C._Rolt" title="L. T. C. Rolt">Rolt, L. T. C.</a> (1965), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/A_short_history_of_machine_tools.html?id=1dhSAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Short History of Machine Tools</i></a>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT Press, <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/250074">250074</a></cite>. Co-edition published as <cite id="CITEREFRolt1965" class="citation cs2">Rolt, L. T. C. (1965), <i>Tools for the Job: a Short History of Machine Tools</i>, London: B. T. Batsford, <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/65080822">65080822</a></cite>.</li>

<li>Ryder, Thomas and Son, <i>Machines to Make Machines 1865 to 1968</i>, a centenary booklet, (Derby: Bemrose & Sons, 1968)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metalworkingsuppliers.com/mw/machine-tools-history/">Milestones in the History of Machine Tools</a></li></ul>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/machine_tool" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:machine tool">machine tool</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

</div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metalworking238" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Metalworking238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Machining_and_computing354" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Machining and computing</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer-aided<br>engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Numerical_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical control">Numerical control (NC and CNC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Stewart_platform" title="Stewart platform">Stewart platform</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drilling and<br>threading</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li>

<li><a href="Drill_bit" title="Drill bit">Drill bit</a></li>

<li><a href="Drill_bit_shank" title="Drill bit shank">Drill bit shank</a></li>

<li><a href="Drill_bit_sizes" title="Drill bit sizes">Drill bit sizes</a></li>

<li><a href="Drilling" title="Drilling">Drilling</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_drill_and_tap_sizes" title="List of drill and tap sizes">List of drill and tap sizes</a></li>

<li><a href="Tap_wrench" title="Tap wrench">Tap wrench</a></li>

<li><a href="Threading_(manufacturing)" title="Threading (manufacturing)">Threading</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grinding and<br>lapping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasive</a></li>

<li><a href="Abrasive_machining" title="Abrasive machining">Abrasive machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Angle_grinder" title="Angle grinder">Angle grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Bench_grinder" title="Bench grinder">Bench grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Coated_abrasive" class="mw-redirect" title="Coated abrasive">Coated abrasive</a></li>

<li><a href="Cylindrical_grinder" title="Cylindrical grinder">Cylindrical grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharpening_stone#Diamond_plate" title="Sharpening stone">Diamond plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Flick_grinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Flick grinder">Flick grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)" title="Grinding (abrasive cutting)">Grinding</a></li>

<li><a href="Grinding_dresser" title="Grinding dresser">Grinding dresser</a></li>

<li><a href="Grinding_machine" title="Grinding machine">Grinding machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Grinding_wheel" title="Grinding wheel">Grinding wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Jig_grinder" title="Jig grinder">Jig grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Lapping" title="Lapping">Lapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sanding</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharpening_stone" title="Sharpening stone">Sharpening stone</a></li>

<li><a href="Spark_testing" title="Spark testing">Spark testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_grinding" title="Surface grinding">Surface grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Tool_and_cutter_grinder" title="Tool and cutter grinder">Tool and cutter grinder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machining</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boring_(manufacturing)" title="Boring (manufacturing)">Boring</a></li>

<li><a href="Broaching_(metalworking)" title="Broaching (metalworking)">Broaching</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_discharge_machining" title="Electrical discharge machining">Electrical discharge machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrochemical_machining" title="Electrochemical machining">Electrochemical machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Electron-beam_machining" title="Electron-beam machining">Electron-beam machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Engraving" title="Engraving">Engraving</a></li>

<li><a href="Facing_(machining)" title="Facing (machining)">Facing</a></li>

<li><a href="Hobbing" title="Hobbing">Hobbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Jig_borer" title="Jig borer">Jig borer</a></li>

<li><a href="Machining" title="Machining">Machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Metal_lathe" title="Metal lathe">Metal lathe</a></li>

<li><a href="Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling</a></li>

<li><a href="Milling_cutter" title="Milling cutter">Milling cutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Pantograph" title="Pantograph">Pantograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Photochemical_machining" title="Photochemical machining">Photochemical machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Planer_(metalworking)" title="Planer (metalworking)">Planer</a></li>

<li><a href="Reamer" title="Reamer">Reamer</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotary_transfer_machine" title="Rotary transfer machine">Rotary transfer machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Shaper" title="Shaper">Shaper</a></li>

<li><a href="Skiving_(metalworking)" title="Skiving (metalworking)">Skiving</a></li>

<li><a href="Turning" title="Turning">Turning</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultrasonic_machining" title="Ultrasonic machining">Ultrasonic machining</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machine tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Angle_plate" title="Angle plate">Angle plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Chuck_(engineering)" title="Chuck (engineering)">Chuck</a></li>

<li><a href="Collet" title="Collet">Collet</a></li>

<li><a href="Fixture_(tool)" title="Fixture (tool)">Fixture</a></li>

<li><a href="Indexing_head" title="Indexing head">Indexing head</a></li>

<li><a href="Lathe_center" title="Lathe center">Lathe center</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_taper" title="Machine taper">Machine taper</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_switchable_device" title="Magnetic switchable device">Magnetic switchable device</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotary_table" title="Rotary table">Rotary table</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiggler_(tool)" title="Wiggler (tool)">Wiggler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cutting_fluid" title="Cutting fluid">Cutting fluid</a></li>

<li><a href="Machining_vibrations" title="Machining vibrations">Machining vibrations</a></li>

<li><a href="Speeds_and_feeds" title="Speeds and feeds">Speeds and feeds</a></li>

<li><a href="Swarf" title="Swarf">Swarf</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_tolerance" title="Engineering tolerance">Tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Tool_and_die_maker" title="Tool and die maker">Tool and die making</a></li>

<li><a href="Tramp_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramp oil">Tramp oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Workpiece" title="Workpiece">Workpiece</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Casting" title="Casting">Casting</a></li>

<li><a href="Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">Fabrication</a></li>

<li><a href="Forming_processes" title="Forming processes">Forming</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li>

<li><a href="Machining" title="Machining">Machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li>

<li><a href="Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">Smithing</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_metalworking" title="Outline of metalworking">Tools and terminology</a></li>

<li><a href="Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Machine_and_metalworking_tools735" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Machine_and_metalworking_tools735" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> and <a href="Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a> tools</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arbor_press" title="Arbor press">Arbor press</a></li>

<li><a href="Automatic_lathe" title="Automatic lathe">Automatic lathe</a></li>

<li><a href="Ball-peen_hammer" title="Ball-peen hammer">Ball-peen hammer</a></li>

<li><a href="Broaching_(metalworking)" title="Broaching (metalworking)">Broach</a></li>

<li><a href="Drill_press" title="Drill press">Drill press</a></li>

<li><a href="English_wheel" title="English wheel">English wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Gear_shaper" title="Gear shaper">Gear shaper</a></li>

<li><a href="Grinding_machine" title="Grinding machine">Grinding machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Hacksaw" title="Hacksaw">Hacksaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Jig_borer" title="Jig borer">Jig borer</a></li>

<li><a href="Lathe" title="Lathe">Lathe</a></li>

<li><a href="Metal_lathe" title="Metal lathe">Metal lathe</a></li>

<li><a href="Milling_cutter" title="Milling cutter">Milling cutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxy-fuel_welding_and_cutting" title="Oxy-fuel welding and cutting">Oxy-fuel cutting torch</a></li>

<li><a href="Planer_(metalworking)" title="Planer (metalworking)">Planer</a></li>

<li><a href="Plasma_cutting" title="Plasma cutting">Plasma cutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotary_transfer_machine" title="Rotary transfer machine">Rotary transfer machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Shaper" title="Shaper">Shaper</a></li>

<li><a href="Thread_restorer" title="Thread restorer">Thread restorer</a></li>

<li><a href="Turret_lathe" title="Turret lathe">Turret lathe</a></li>

<li><a href="Welding" title="Welding">Welder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist">

<dl><dt>Types of tools</dt>

<dd>Cleaning</dd>

<dd>Cutting and abrasive</dd>

<dd>Forestry</dd>

<dd>Garden</dd>

<dd>Kitchen</dd>

<dd>Machine and metalworking</dd>

<dd>Masonry</dd>

<dd>Measuring and alignment</dd>

<dd>Mining</dd>

<dd>Power</dd>

<dd>Textile</dd>

<dd>Woodworking</dd></dl>

</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Woodworking500" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Woodworking500" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_wood_carving" title="History of wood carving">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_woodworking" title="Glossary of woodworking">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> (<a href="Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li>

<li><a href="Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li>

<li><a href="Bush_carpentry" title="Bush carpentry">Bush carpentry</a></li>

<li><a href="Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Caning_(furniture)" title="Caning (furniture)">Caning</a></li>

<li><a href="Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li>

<li><a href="Certosina" title="Certosina">Certosina</a></li>

<li><a href="Chainsaw_carving" title="Chainsaw carving">Chainsaw carving</a></li>

<li><a href="Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li>

<li><a href="Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_carpentry" title="Japanese carpentry">Japanese carpentry</a></li>

<li><a href="Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li>

<li><a href="Kohlrosing" title="Kohlrosing">Kohlrosing</a></li>

<li><a href="Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li>

<li><a href="Luthier" title="Luthier">Luthier</a></li>

<li><a href="Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Millwork" title="Millwork">Millwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafting</a></li>

<li><a href="Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Pyrography</a></li>

<li><a href="Relief_carving" title="Relief carving">Relief carving</a></li>

<li><a href="Root_carving" title="Root carving">Root carving</a></li>

<li><a href="Segmented_turning" title="Segmented turning">Segmented turning</a></li>

<li><a href="Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaving</a></li>

<li><a href="Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li>

<li><a href="Spindle_turning" title="Spindle turning">Spindle turning</a></li>

<li><a href="Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li>

<li><a href="Treen" title="Treen">Treen</a></li>

<li><a href="Whittling" title="Whittling">Whittling</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li>

<li><a href="Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_woods" title="List of woods">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Softwood" title="Softwood">Soft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_plants_known_as_cedar" title="List of plants known as cedar">Cedar</a> (<i><a href="Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a></i>)</li>

<li><a href="Cypress" title="Cypress">Cypress</a></li>

<li><a href="Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a></li>

<li><a href="Juniper" title="Juniper">Juniper</a></li>

<li><a href="Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a></li>

<li><a href="Agathis" title="Agathis">Kauri</a></li>

<li><a href="Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pericopsis_elata" title="Pericopsis elata">Afromosia</a></li>

<li><a href="Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a></li>

<li><a href="Carapa_guianensis" title="Carapa guianensis">Andiroba</a></li>

<li><a href="Anigre" title="Anigre">Anigre</a></li>

<li><a href="Malus" title="Malus">Apple</a></li>

<li><a href="Aspen" title="Aspen">Aspen</a></li>

<li><a href="Turraeanthus_africanus" title="Turraeanthus africanus">Avodire</a></li>

<li><a href="Ochroma" title="Ochroma">Balsa</a></li>

<li><a href="Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a></li>

<li><a href="Bilinga_(wood)" title="Bilinga (wood)">Bilinga</a></li>

<li><a href="Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a></li>

<li><a href="Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">African Blackwood</a></li>

<li><a href="Acacia_melanoxylon" title="Acacia melanoxylon">Australian Blackwood</a></li>

<li><a href="Buxus" title="Buxus">Boxwood</a></li>

<li><a href="Guibourtia" title="Guibourtia">Bubinga</a></li>

<li><a href="Camphora_officinarum" title="Camphora officinarum">Camphor</a></li>

<li><a href="Cedrela" title="Cedrela">Cedrela</a></li>

<li><a href="Prunus" title="Prunus">Cherry</a></li>

<li><a href="Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li>

<li><a href="Cocobolo" title="Cocobolo">Cocobolo</a></li>

<li><a href="Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Cumaru</a></li>

<li><a href="Ebony" title="Ebony">Ebony</a></li>

<li><a href="Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></li>

<li><a href="Hazel" title="Hazel">Hazel</a></li>

<li><a href="Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a></li>

<li><a href="Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">Hornbeam</a></li>

<li><a href="Terminalia_ivorensis" title="Terminalia ivorensis">Idigbo</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocotea_porosa" title="Ocotea porosa">Imbuia</a></li>

<li><a href="Iroko" title="Iroko">Iroko</a></li>

<li><a href="Eucalyptus_marginata" title="Eucalyptus marginata">Jarrah</a></li>

<li><a href="Dyera_costulata" title="Dyera costulata">Jelutong</a></li>

<li><a href="Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae">Lignum vitae</a></li>

<li><a href="Tilia" title="Tilia">Linden <i>(lime, basswood)</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Lovoa_trichilioides" title="Lovoa trichilioides">Lovoa</a></li>

<li><a href="Intsia_bijuga" title="Intsia bijuga">Merbau</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahogany" title="Mahogany">Mahogany</a> (<i><a href="Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">American</a></i>, <i><a href="Khaya" title="Khaya">African</a></i>)</li>

<li><a href="Maple" title="Maple">Maple</a></li>

<li><a href="Shorea" title="Shorea">Meranti</a></li>

<li><a href="Pterocarpus" title="Pterocarpus">Padauk</a></li>

<li><a href="Populus" title="Populus">Poplar</a></li>

<li><a href="Peltogyne" title="Peltogyne">Purpleheart</a></li>

<li><a href="Guibourtia_ehie" title="Guibourtia ehie">Ovankol</a></li>

<li><a href="Gonystylus" title="Gonystylus">Ramin</a></li>

<li><a href="Schinopsis" title="Schinopsis">Red Quebracho</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosewood" title="Rosewood">Rosewood</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubberwood" title="Rubberwood">Rubberwood</a></li>

<li><a href="Sapele" title="Sapele">Sapele</a></li>

<li><a href="Podocarpus_totara" title="Podocarpus totara">Totara</a></li>

<li><a href="Entandrophragma" title="Entandrophragma">Utile</a></li>

<li><a href="Juglans" title="Juglans">Walnut</a></li>

<li><a href="Millettia_laurentii" title="Millettia laurentii">Wenge</a></li>

<li><a href="Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a></li>

<li><a href="Zebrawood" title="Zebrawood">Zebrano</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated</a></li>

<li><a href="Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glue laminated</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardboard" title="Hardboard">Hardboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li>

<li><a href="Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Wood-plastic composite</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a></li>

<li><a href="Burnisher" title="Burnisher">Burnisher</a></li>

<li><a href="Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li>

<li><a href="Drawknife" title="Drawknife">Drawknife</a></li>

<li><a href="Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li>

<li><a href="Fence_(woodworking)" title="Fence (woodworking)">Fence</a></li>

<li><a href="Float_(woodworking)" title="Float (woodworking)">Float</a></li>

<li><a href="Gimlet_(tool)" title="Gimlet (tool)">Gimlet</a></li>

<li><a href="Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Impact_driver" title="Impact driver">Impact driver</a></li>

<li><a href="Janka_hardness_test" title="Janka hardness test">Janka hardness test</a></li>

<li><a href="Jointer" title="Jointer">Jointer</a></li>

<li><a href="Mallet" title="Mallet">Mallet</a></li>

<li><a href="Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Mitre_box" title="Mitre box">Mitre box</a></li>

<li><a href="Router_(woodworking)" title="Router (woodworking)">Router</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood_shaper" title="Wood shaper">Shaper</a></li>

<li><a href="Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li>

<li><a href="Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">Square</a> (<i><a href="Steel_square" title="Steel square">Carpenters</a>, <a href="Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination</a>, <a href="Miter_square" title="Miter square">Miter</a>, <a href="Speed_square" title="Speed square">Speed</a>, <a href="Try_square" title="Try square">Try</a></i>)</li>

<li><a href="Thickness_planer" title="Thickness planer">Thickness planer</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_timber_framing_tools" title="List of timber framing tools">Timber-framing</a></li>

<li><a href="Veneer_hammer" title="Veneer hammer">Veneer hammer</a></li>

<li><a href="Warrington_hammer" title="Warrington hammer">Warrington hammer</a></li>

<li><a href="Winding_stick" title="Winding stick">Winding sticks</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood_scribe" title="Wood scribe">Wood scribe</a></li>

<li><a href="Workbench_(woodworking)" title="Workbench (woodworking)">Workbench</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Band_clamp" title="Band clamp">Band clamp</a></li>

<li><a href="C-clamp" title="C-clamp">C-clamp</a></li>

<li><a href="F-clamp" title="F-clamp">F-clamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Flooring_clamp" title="Flooring clamp">Flooring clamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Gripe_(tool)" title="Gripe (tool)">Gripe</a></li>

<li><a href="Holdfast_(tool)" title="Holdfast (tool)">Holdfast</a></li>

<li><a href="Mitre_clamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitre clamp">Mitre clamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Pipe_clamp" title="Pipe clamp">Pipe clamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Sawbuck" title="Sawbuck">Sawbuck</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Backsaw" title="Backsaw">Backsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">Circular</a></li>

<li><a href="Compass_saw" title="Compass saw">Compass</a></li>

<li><a href="Coping_saw" title="Coping saw">Coping</a></li>

<li><a href="Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut</a></li>

<li><a href="Frame_saw" title="Frame saw">Frame</a></li>

<li><a href="Fretsaw" title="Fretsaw">Fretsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Jigsaw_(tool)" title="Jigsaw (tool)">Jigsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Keyhole_saw" title="Keyhole saw">Keyhole</a></li>

<li><a href="Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter</a></li>

<li><a href="Ripsaw" title="Ripsaw">Ripsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Scroll_saw" title="Scroll saw">Scroll</a></li>

<li><a href="Table_saw" title="Table saw">Table</a></li>

<li><a href="Veneer_saw" title="Veneer saw">Veneer</a></li>

<li><a href="Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">Planes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bedrock_plane" title="Bedrock plane">Bedrock plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Block_plane" title="Block plane">Block plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Chamfer_plane" title="Chamfer plane">Chamfer plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Compass_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass plane">Compass plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Finger_plane" title="Finger plane">Finger plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Fore_plane" title="Fore plane">Fore plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Grooving_plane" title="Grooving plane">Grooving plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Jack_plane" title="Jack plane">Jack plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_plane" title="Japanese plane">Japanese plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Jointer_plane" title="Jointer plane">Jointer plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Moulding_plane" title="Moulding plane">Moulding plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Razee_plane" title="Razee plane">Razee plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Rebate_plane" title="Rebate plane">Rebate plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Router_plane" title="Router plane">Router plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Scrub_plane" title="Scrub plane">Scrub plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Shoulder_plane" title="Shoulder plane">Shoulder plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoothing_plane" title="Smoothing plane">Smoothing plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Spokeshave" title="Spokeshave">Spokeshave</a></li>

<li><a href="Surform" title="Surform">Surform</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Joinery" title="Joinery">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Birdsmouth_joint" title="Birdsmouth joint">Birdsmouth</a></li>

<li><a href="Biscuit_joiner" title="Biscuit joiner">Biscuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Bridle_joint" title="Bridle joint">Bridle</a></li>

<li><a href="Butterfly_joint" title="Butterfly joint">Butterfly</a></li>

<li><a href="Coping_(joinery)" title="Coping (joinery)">Coping</a></li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Thorns_(woodworking)" title="Crown of Thorns (woodworking)">Crown of thorns</a></li>

<li><a href="Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">Dovetail</a></li>

<li><a href="Finger_joint" title="Finger joint">Finger</a></li>

<li><a href="Groove_(joinery)" title="Groove (joinery)">Groove</a></li>

<li><a href="Halved_joint" title="Halved joint">Halved</a></li>

<li><a href="Hammer-headed_tenon" title="Hammer-headed tenon">Hammer-headed tenon</a></li>

<li><a href="Mason's_mitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason's mitre">Mason's mitre</a></li>

<li><a href="Miter_joint" title="Miter joint">Miter</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li>

<li><a href="Rabbet" title="Rabbet">Rabbet/Rebate</a></li>

<li><a href="Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf</a></li>

<li><a href="Splice_joint" title="Splice joint">Splice</a></li>

<li><a href="Tongue_and_groove" title="Tongue and groove">Tongue and groove</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Profiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Bevel" title="Bevel">Bevel</a></li>

<li><a href="Chamfer" title="Chamfer">Chamfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ogive" title="Ogive">Ogive</a></li>

<li><a href="Ovolo" title="Ovolo">Ovolo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;">Surface piecing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Purfling#Binding" title="Purfling">Binding</a></li>

<li><a href="Edge_banding" title="Edge banding">Edge banding</a></li>

<li><a href="Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li>

<li><a href="Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Oystering" title="Oystering">Oystering</a></li>

<li><a href="Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Purfling" title="Purfling">Purfling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wood_glue" title="Wood glue">Adhesive</a></li>

<li><a href="French_polish" title="French polish">French polish</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_bending_of_wood" title="Heat bending of wood">Heat bending</a></li>

<li><a href="Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li>

<li><a href="Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li>

<li><a href="Paint_stripper" title="Paint stripper">Paint stripper</a></li>

<li><a href="Steam_bending" title="Steam bending">Steam bending</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood_preservation#Heat_treatments" title="Wood preservation">Thermal</a></li>

<li><a href="Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">Wood stain</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">Wood finishing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Association_of_Woodturners" title="American Association of Woodturners">American Association of Woodturners</a></li>

<li><a href="Architectural_Woodwork_Institute" title="Architectural Woodwork Institute">Architectural Woodwork Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Woodworking_Federation" title="British Woodworking Federation">British Woodworking Federation</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_and_Wood_Workers'_International" title="Building and Wood Workers' International">Building and Wood Workers' International</a></li>

<li><a href="Caricature_Carvers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Caricature Carvers of America">Caricature Carvers of America</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers" title="International Federation of Building and Wood Workers">International Federation of Building and Wood Workers</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Wood_Carvers_Association" title="National Wood Carvers Association">National Wood Carvers Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Society_of_Wood_Engravers" title="Society of Wood Engravers">Society of Wood Engravers</a></li>

<li><a href="Timber_Framers_Guild" title="Timber Framers Guild">Timber Framers Guild</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conversion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li>

<li><a href="Hewing" title="Hewing">Hewing</a></li>

<li><a href="Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmill</a></li>

<li><a href="Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood_splitting" title="Wood splitting">Wood splitting</a></li>

<li><a href="Flat_sawing" title="Flat sawing">Flat sawing</a></li>

<li><a href="Quarter_sawing" title="Quarter sawing">Quarter sawing</a></li>

<li><a href="Rift_sawing" title="Rift sawing">Rift sawing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Frame_and_panel" title="Frame and panel">Frame and panel</a></li>

<li><a href="Frameless_construction" title="Frameless construction">Frameless construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">Green woodworking</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> WikiProject</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Woodworking" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Woodworking">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-25" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Machine_tool&oldid=1302430213">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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